Existential Sentence & Particles
This sentence type means "there is", and the basic form is ({particle}) {noun}, where the introductory particle is required unless the sentence is extended by adverbs, in which case it's optional, although a particle is still required with pronouns as subjects. The main particles are:
tak - marks a statement as fact and emphasises the statement, roughly translatable as "look"
'iye - marks a statement as being true for an extended period
ina - negative, can combine with tak and 'iye, comes before 'iye but after tak
Examples: tak lamok! "look, a dragon!", 'iye lamkan "there are always dragons", ina lamok "there isn't a dragon", tak ina lamok "see, there isn't a dragon", ina 'iye lamok "there isn't ever a dragon"
Particles can generally combine with any sentence type, though only tak can be used with the nominal sentence, as nominal sentences by default already indicate a lengthened state (so 'iye is not used), and are instead negated with inona (so ina is not used).
Particles allow clitics to immediately follow: lamok ku "I'm a dragon" vs. tak ku lamok "hey, I'm a dragon!" - 'iye converts dependent personal pronouns to suffix pronouns: 'iyec lamok "you're a dragon". Also, 'iye + -u => 'iyeyu.
Adverbs
Adverbs describe situations, like adjectives describe nouns: the "here" in "I am here" describes where "I am" is happening. Adverbs are always placed last in the sentence, except that a single adverb may instead be put first to emphasise it: 'iyeyu im "I am here" versus im iyeyu "I'm *here*". You can also put multiple adverbs together in the same sentence: 'iyeyu im harwa "I'll be here during the day" (harwa is an adverb meaning "in the daytime").
An adverb can be followed by a noun to make an adverb phrase, where the adverb acts like a preposition and has the meaning of one. So, while im alone means "here", im ne means "in the tree". If a preposition is followed by a personal pronoun, the suffix pronoun is used: holu "near me". Adverb phrases can be used anywhere a simple adverb can, much like noun phrases can be used anywhere a simple noun can: kata im ne "the cat is in the tree".
There are multiple ways we can derive more words from adverbs, the first being the extended adverb, formed by attaching -a to the base. This is another adverb which has a meaning derived directly from the prepositional sense: ima "inside" taken from im "in", rather than im "here". The second is a form called the nisbe, formed with the suffix -i, and is a noun whose meaning approximates "that which is" followed by either the adverb or preposition - which one it is exactly parallels the contrast between adverb and preposition: imi "that which is here", versus imi re "that which is in the water". The nisbe's stem class is normally B, but iqh, khat, hol, and na all form class A nisbes. Finally is another adverb, this time derived from the nisbe, again with the suffix -a, and the meaning of this series is entirely idiosyncratic.
The one nisbe with an unexpected meaning is ne, which in addition to meaning "what is for", also means "of", and is a very common means of expressing the possessive. The structure is {possessed} ne {possessor}, as in cka ne lamok "the foreleg of the dragon", and this is known as the indirect possessive - the possessive phrase is known as the direct possessive. The difference between the two is that the direct possessive marks "inherent" or "permanent" relationships,