[[/wordlist|Week 3 wordlist]]

== Existential Sentence & Particles ==

This sentence type means "there is", and the basic form is `({particle}) {noun}`, where the introductory particle is required unless the sentence is extended by adverbs, in which case it's optional, although a particle is still required with pronouns as subjects. The main particles are:
 * `tak` - marks a statement as fact and emphasises the statement, roughly translatable as "look"
 * `'iye` - marks a statement as being true for an extended period
 * `ina` - negative, can combine with `tak` and `'iye`, comes before `'iye` but after `tak`
Examples: `tak lamok!` "look, a dragon!", `'iye lamkan` "there are always dragons", `ina lamok` "there isn't a dragon", `tak ina lamok` "see, there isn't a dragon", `ina 'iye lamok` "there isn't ever a dragon"

Particles can generally combine with any sentence type, though only `tak` can be used with the nominal sentence, as nominal sentences by default already indicate a lengthened state (so `'iye` is not used), and are instead negated with `inona` (so `ina` is not used).

Particles allow clitics to immediately follow: `lamok ku` "I'm a dragon" vs. `tak ku lamok` "hey, I'm a dragon!" - `'iye` converts dependent personal pronouns to suffix pronouns: `'iyec lamok` "you're a dragon". Also, `'iye` + `-u` => `'iyeyu`.

== Adverbs ==

Adverbs describe situations, like adjectives describe nouns: the "here" in "I am here" describes where "I am" is happening. Adverbs are always placed last in the sentence, except that a single adverb may instead be put first to emphasise it: `'iyeyu im` "I am here" versus `im iyeyu` "I'm *here*". You can also put multiple adverbs together in the same sentence: `'iyeyu im harwa` "I'll be here during the day" (`harwa` is an adverb meaning "in the daytime").

An adverb can be followed by a noun to make an adverb phrase, where the adverb acts like a preposition and has the meaning of one. So, while `im` alone means "here", `im ne` means "in the tree". If a preposition is followed by a personal pronoun, the suffix pronoun is used: `holu` "near me". Adverb phrases can be used anywhere a simple adverb can, much like noun phrases can be used anywhere a simple noun can: `kata im ne` "the cat is in the tree".

There are multiple ways we can derive more words from adverbs, the first being the extended adverb, formed by attaching -a to the base. This is another adverb which has a meaning derived directly from the prepositional sense: `ima` "inside" taken from `im` "in", rather than `im` "here". The second is a form called the nisbe, formed with the suffix -i, and is a noun whose meaning approximates "that which is" followed by either the adverb or preposition - which one it is exactly parallels the contrast between adverb and preposition: `imi` "that which is here", versus `imi re` "that which is in the water". The nisbe's stem class is normally B, but `iqh`, `khat`, `hol`, and `na` all form class A nisbes. Finally is another adverb, this time derived from the nisbe, again with the suffix -a, and the meaning of this series is entirely idiosyncratic.

The one nisbe with an unexpected meaning is `ne`, which in addition to meaning "what is for", also means "of", and is a very common means of expressing the possessive. The structure is `{possessed} ne {possessor}`, as in `cka ne lamok` "the foreleg of the dragon", and this is known as the indirect possessive - the possessive phrase is known as the direct possessive. The difference between the two is that the direct possessive marks "inherent" or "permanent" relationships,